Chicago Style Guide

Chicago Style is used for academic writing in a range of subjects and disciplines, most commonly in history. Unlike APA and MLA styles, the Chicago style of citing sources does not utilize in-text references; instead, footnotes and endnotes are substituted.

PRINT SOURCES

(N= footnote/endnote B=bibliography)

BOOKS

Use a shortened format for subsequent references to the same work.

One author

N 1. Emery Blackfoot, Chance Encounters (Boston: Serendipity Press, 1987), 67.

N 2. Blackfoot, 97.

B Blackfoot, Emery. Chance Encounters. Boston: Serendipity Press,1987.

Two authors

N 3. Liam P. Unwin and Joseph Galloway, Peace in Ireland (Boston:

Stronghope Press, 1990), 72.

N 4. Unwin and Galloway, 102.

B Unwin, Liam P., and Joseph Galloway, Peace in Ireland. Boston:

Stronghope Press, 1990.

More than three authors

For works having more than three authors, a note citation should

give the name of the first-listed author followed by "et al." or "and others" without inverting

punctuation. In the bibliography entry, the usual practice is to list all of the authors. The name

of the first author is inverted.

N 5. Charlotte Marcus et al., Investigations into the Phenomenon of

Limited-Field Criticism (Boston: Broadview Press, 1990), 134.

N 6. Charlotte Marcus and others, Investigations into the Phenomenon

of Limited-Field Criticism (Boston: Broadview Press, 1990), 134.

N 7. Marcus et al., 175.

B Marcus, Charlotte, Jerome Waterman, Thomas Gomez, and Elizabeth

DeLor. Investigations into the Phenomenon of Limited-Field Criticism.

Boston: Broadview Press, 1990.

Corporate author

N 8. International Monetary Fund, Surveys of African Economies, vol. 7,

Algeria, Mali, Morocco, and Tunisia (Washington, D.C.: International

Monetary Fund, 1977), 27.

N 9. International Monetary Fund, 46.

B International Monetary Fund. Surveys of African Economies. Vol.7, Algeria,

Mali, Morocco, and Tunisia. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1977.

Edition other than the first

N 10. John N. Hazard, The Soviet System of Government, 5th ed. (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1980), 132.

B Hazard, John N. The Soviet System of Government. 5th ed. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Edited work, compilation, or translation

The name of the editor, translator, or compiler

takes the place of the author when no author appears on the title page. In notes and

bibliography, the abbreviation ed./eds., comp./comp., or trans. follows the name and is

preceded by a comma.

N 11. Anthony B. Tortelli, ed., Sociology Approaching the Twenty-first

Century (Los Angeles: Peter and Sons, 1991), 59.

N 12. Tortelli, 93.

B Tortelli, Anthony B., ed. Sociology Approaching the Twenty-first

Century. Los Angeles: Peter and Sons, 1991.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS

Basic form

N 13. Noel Robertson, "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual,"

Classical Philology 75 (1980): 17, 19-22.

B Robertson, Noel. "The Dorian Migration and Corinthian Ritual."

Classical Philology 75 (1980): 1-22.

With season or month

The name of months are capitalized but lower case is recommended

for the names of seasons.

N 14. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social

Activism 14 (fall 1989): 112-34.

B Bush, Jane R. "Rhetoric and the Instinct for Survival." Political

Perspectives 29 (March 1990): 45-53.

Issues with numbers only

N 15. Eva Meyerovich, "The Gnostic Manuscripts of Upper Egypt,"

Diogenes, no. 25 (1959): 91, 95-98.

B Meyerovich, Eva. "The Gnostic Manuscripts of Upper Egypt." Diogenes,

no. 25 (1959): 84-117.

Popular magazines

N 16. E. W. Caspari and R. E. Marshak, "The Rise and Fall of Lysenko,"

Science, 16 July 1965, 276.

B Caspari, E. W., and R. E. Marshak. "The Rise and Fall of Lysenko."

Science, 16 July 1965, 275-278.

Newspapers

N 17. Tyler Marshall, "200th Birthday of Grimms Celebrated," Los Angeles

Times, 15 March 1985, sec. 1A, p. 3.

B Marshall, Tyler. "200th Birthday of Grimms Celebrated." Los Angeles

Times, 15 March 1985, sec. 1A, p. 3.

OTHER SOURCES

Movie reviews

N 18. Stanley Kauffman, "Turbulent Lives," review of A Dry White

Season (MGM movie), New Republic, 9 October 1989, 24-25.

B Kauffman, Stanley. "Turbulent Lives." Review of A Dry White Season

(MGM movie). New Republic, 9 October 1989, 24-25.

Book reviews

N 19. Susan Lardner, "Third Eye Open," review of The Salt Eaters, by

Toni Cade Bambara, New Yorker, 5 May 1980, 169.

B Lardner, Susan. "Third Eye Open." Review of The Salt Eaters, by Toni

Cade Bambara. New Yorker, 5 May 1980, 169.

Interviews

N 20. McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer

News Hour, Public Broadcasting System, 7 February 1990.

B Bundy, McGeorge. Interview by Robert MacNeil. MacNeil/Lehrer News

Hour. Public Broadcasting System, 7 February 1990.

Encyclopedias

Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies. When

they are cited in notes they appear as follows. s.v. (sub verbo) means "under the word".

N 21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "cold war."

N 22. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Wadsworth, Jeremiah."

CITATIONS IN THE TEXT

Basic form

Consists of the author's last name and the year of publication of the work. No

punctuation is used between the author's name and the date. When the reference list or

bibliography includes two or more works by different authors with the same last name and the

same date, it is necessary to include the author's initials. When there are more than three

authors use "et al".

(Blinksworth 1987) (Collins and Wortmaster 1953)

(EPA 1986) (P. Brown 1991)

(Smith, Wessen, and Gunless 1988) (Zipursky et al. 1959)

Placement of text citations

An author-date citation in the text should be placed where it will

offer the least resistance to the flow of thought. The best location is just before a mark of

punctuation:

Before proceeding . . .we will describe the system of scaling quantitative scores (Guilford

4

1950).

What conclusions . . . had they been aware of the narrow-aperture principle recently reported

(Klein, Cane, and Abbelli 1991)?

ARTICLES RETRIEVED IN ELECTRONIC FORMAT

For footnotes and endnotes:

Author's name is in normal order followed by the document title, date of Internet publication,

<URL> or other retrieval information, date of access, and text division, if applicable.

Book

1. Peter J. Bryant, "The Age of Mammals," in Biodiversity Conservation

April 1999, http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/index.html (11 May 1999).

Article in electronic journal (ejournal) or magazine (ezine)

2. Tonya Browning, "Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces,"

Kairos: A Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments 3, no. 1 (1997),

http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/2.1/features/browning/index.html (21 October 1999).

3. Nathan Myhrvold, "Confessions of a Cybershaman," Slate, 12 June

1997, http://www.slate.com/CriticalMass/97-06-12/CriticalMass.asp (19 October 1997).

Newspaper article

4. Christopher Wren, "A Body on Mt. Everest, a Mystery Half-Solved,"

New York Times on the Web, 5 May 1999,

http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin/fastweb?getdoc+site+site+87604+0+wAAA+%22a%7Ebody%7Eon%7Emt.%7Everest%22 (13 May 1999).

Government publication

5. George Bush, "Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers

and Employees," Executive Order 12674, 12 April 1989, pt. 1,

http://www.usoge.gov/exorders/eo12674.html (30 October 1997).

Professional and personal sites

6. Joseph Pellegrino, "Homepage," 12 May 1999,

http://www.english.eku.edu/pellegrino/default.htm (12 June 1999).

7. Gail Mortimer, The William Faulkner Society Home Page, 16 September

1999, http://www.utep.edu/mortimer/faulkner/mainfaulkner.htm (19 November

1997).

FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Authors' names are inverted. The elements of entries are separated by periods. The first line of

each entry is flush with the left margin, and subsequent lines are indented three or four spaces.

Article in an electronic journal (ejournal)

Teague, Jason Crawford. "Frames in Action." Kairos: A Journal for Teachers

of Writing in Webbed Environments 2, no. 1, August 20, 1998.

http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/2.1 (7 October 1999).